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Sains
Malaysiana 54(4)(2025): 1113-1126
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5404-12
Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE) and
Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of Bioactive Compounds from Morinda citrifolia:
Comparative Evaluation of Process Efficiency
(Pengekstrakan Air Subkritikal (SWE)
dan Pengekstrakan Berbantukan Ultrasonik (UAE) Sebatian Bioaktif daripada Morinda
citrifolia: Penilaian Perbandingan Kecekapan Proses)
HUSNA ABDUL
SOMAT1, INTAN SAFURA SAIPUL ANWAR1, WAN AIDA WAN MUSTAPHA1,2,
SITI MAZLINA MUSTAPA KAMAL3 & NURFATIMAH MOHD THANI1,2,*
1Department of Food Sciences, Faculty
of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
2Innovation Centre for Confectionery
Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3Department of Process and Food
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia
Diterima: 13 Ogos 2024/ Diserahkan: 16 Disember 2024
Abstract
Morinda citrifolia has garnered significant interest
from researchers in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite this
interest, research on extracting its beneficial components using green
technologies remains limited. This study aims to investigate the effect of two extraction
techniques namely subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted
extraction (UAE) on the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of M. citrifolia leaf extracts using
response surface methodology (RSM). A three-level factorial central composite
design (CCD) was applied to determine the effect of three independent variables
for each method of UAE (X1: citric acid concentration, X2:
extraction time, X3: ultrasonic amplitude) and SWE (X1:
operating temperature, X2: extraction time, X3: solid
loading) on three dependent variables (Y1: total phenolic content
(TPC), Y2: free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Y3: ferric
reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP)). The optimum value of TPC and DPPH by UAE
are 48.25 mg GAE/g and 22.59% inhibition, respectively, which are lower than
the optimal values obtained by SWE method, with respective values of 64.96 mg
GAE/g and 80.75% inhibition. However, the FRAP value possessed by UAE was
higher compared to SWE, with respective values of 29.63 mg GAE/g and 11.33 mg
GAE/g. The results indicate that extraction temperature (p<0.05) was the
most significant factor that enhances phenolic yield and antioxidant activity
in MC leaves using SWE, while citric acid concentration notably
influences UAE extracts the most. The UAE demonstrated higher process
efficiency compared to SWE. However, due to the use of samples with
significantly different sizes in the evaluation, further analysis is needed to
make a definitive comparison of process efficiency between the two methods.
Keywords:
Antioxidant activity; hydrothermal processing; medicinal plant; Morinda; total
phenolic content
Abstrak
Morinda citrifolia telah berjaya menarik minat para
penyelidik dalam industri makanan dan farmaseutikal kerana potensi pengaplikasiannya
dalam bidang perubatan. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan tentang pengekstrakan
komponen yang bermanfaat daripada tumbuhan ini menggunakan teknologi hijau
masih terhad. Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan dua teknik
pengekstrakan yang berbeza, iaitu pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan
dengan bantuan ultrasonik (UAE) terhadap kandungan total fenol dan aktiviti
antioksidan ekstrak daun M. citrifolia menggunakan kaedah rangsangan permukaan (RSM). Satu reka bentuk komposit
putaran tengah (CCD) tiga aras telah digunakan untuk menentukan kesan tiga
pemboleh ubah bebas bagi setiap kaedah UAE (X1: kepekatan asid
sitrik, X2: masa pengekstrakan, X3: amplitud ultrasonik)
dan SWE (X1: suhu pengekstrakan, X2: masa pengekstrakan,
X3: beban pepejal sampel) terhadap pemboleh ubah berbalas (Y1:
kandungan total fenol (TPC), Y2: aktiviti penangkapan radikal bebas
(DPPH), Y3: aktiviti pengurangan ferik antioksidan (FRAP)). Nilai
optimum TPC dan DPPH bagi UAE masing-masing ialah 48.25 mg GAE/g dan 22.59%
perencatan, lebih rendah berbanding nilai optimum yang diperoleh dengan kaedah
SWE, masing-masing sebanyak 64.96 mg GAE/g dan 80.75% perencatan. Walau
bagaimanapun, nilai FRAP oleh UAE adalah lebih tinggi berbanding SWE, dengan
nilai masing-masing 29.63 mg GAE/g dan 11.33 mg GAE/g. Hasil kajian menunjukkan
bahawa suhu pengekstrakan (p<0.05) adalah faktor yang paling signifikan yang
meningkatkan hasil fenol dan aktiviti antioksidan dalam daun MC menggunakan
SWE, manakala kepekatan asid sitrik adalah faktor paling berpengaruh untuk
ekstrak UAE. UAE menunjukkan kecekapan proses yang lebih tinggi berbanding SWE.
Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan penggunaan sampel dengan saiz yang berbeza
secara signifikan dalam penilaian tersebut, analisis lanjut diperlukan untuk
membuat perbandingan yang lebih muktamad mengenai kecekapan proses antara
kedua-dua kaedah.
Kata
kunci: Aktiviti antioksidan; jumlah kandungan fenol; pemprosesan hidrotermal; Morinda;
tumbuhan perubatan
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*Pengarang
untuk surat-menyurat; email: nurfatimah@ukm.edu.my
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